Infection from Cat Bite from Previously Unknown Bacterial Species....What Else Do Cats Have in Their Arsenal?

In the UK, a man's hand was bitten [furiously] by a feral cat which resulted in a severe infection. After struggling to get the infection under control, investigators discovered by DNA analysis that this was a novel strain of bacteria in the genius Globicatella.

"Globicatella are streptococcus‐like organisms that have been rarely isolated from clinical specimens."  "The genus Globicatella was first described in 1992 when several unidentified streptococcus‐like clinical isolates were characterised in the USA.17 The isolates were isolated from blood cultures of patients with bacteraemia, urine of patients with urinary tract infections, and cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with meningitis, but the clinical details were not described."  (Lau, etal 2006) 

Who knows what else is lurking in cats' mouths.  Perhaps some cat-owning evil microbiology genius is weaponizing cats with these 'new' bacterial species in order to take over the world?

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/8/22-1770_article#r5
CDC - Emerging Infectous Disease
Volume 29, Number 8—August 2023
Research Letter
Soft Tissue Infection of Immunocompetent Man with Cat-Derived Globicatella Species

Nick K. JonesComments to Author , Juliana Coelho, Julie M.J. Logan, Karen Broughton, Katie L. Hopkins, Bruno Pichon, Isabelle Potterill, Yu Wan, Alex W.N. Reid, and Theodore Gouliouris

Author affiliations: Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK (N.K. Jones, A.W.N. Reid, T. Gouliouris); University of Cambridge, Cambridge (N.K. Jones, T. Gouliouris); United Kingdom Health Security Agency Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Colindale, UK (J. Coelho, J.M.J. Logan, K. Broughton, K.L. Hopkins, B. Pichon, I. Potterill, Y. Wan); Imperial College London, London, UK (K.L. Hopkins, B. Pichon, Y. Wan)

Abstract

We report a novel Globicatella species causing extensive soft tissue infection in a man bitten by a stray domestic cat in the United Kingdom. We identified this bacterium by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical profiling and determined antimicrobial drug susceptibility.

Cats are major reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Their long, sharp teeth predispose to deep-tissue bite injuries, and direct inoculation of feline saliva gives high risk for secondary infection. Infecting pathogens usually reflect colonizing oral microbiota; Pasteurella and Streptococcus species are the most common (1). Bacteria of the genus Globicatella are small, gram-positive cocci that resemble viridans-group streptococci. Globicatella sanguinis is the only known species to cause human infection, having been implicated in small numbers of bloodstream, heart, central nervous system and urinary tract infections (2). G. sulfidifaciens is the only other known Globicatella species, but human infection has not been described (3). We report a novel Globicatella species causing extensive soft tissue infection and tenosynovitis in an immunocompetent man after cat bite injuries.

Clinically apparent areas of infection with Globicatella species in patient with soft tissue ianfection after cat bite, United Kingdom: A) left little finger, B) right forearm, C) right middle finger, and D) right hand.

Figure. Clinically apparent areas of infection with Globicatellaspecies in patient with soft tissue ianfection after cat bite, United Kingdom: A) left little finger, B) right forearm, C) right middle...




A 48-year-old obese man came to the emergency department in 2020 because of painful bilateral hand swelling, 8 hours after sustaining several bites from a single feral cat. He had multiple puncture wounds and abrasions, without evidence of surrounding cellulitis. His wounds were bathed in povidone‒iodine solution and dressed, and a booster dose of tetanus vaccine was administered. He was discharged and given oral doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole treatment because of history of penicillin allergy. He returned to the emergency department 24 hours later because of evolving flexor sheath infection in his left little and right middle fingers and cellulitis of both forearms (Figure). He was given intravenous vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole, then underwent debridement and washout. He was given 5 days of oral doxycycline and metronidazole postoperatively and made a full recovery. The patient provided fully informed, written consent for this case to be published, with accompanying clinical photographs.




We obtained tissue samples from debridement sites and a swab specimen from the right middle finger for microbiological analysis with Gram stain and bacterial culture on blood, chocolate, cystine-lactose-electrolyte—deficient, and fastidious anaerobe agars. No organisms were seen on Gram stain. A scant growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from the right middle finger tissue sample, as well as a Streptococcus-like organism that grew best on chocolate agar. Culture yield may have been affected by previous antimicrobial drug treatment. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Bruker, https://www.bruker.comExternal Link) of the Streptococcus-like organism gave no reliable identification (score 1.31). We referred this isolate (designated G1610988) to the UK Health Security Agency Reference Laboratory for further characterization.




We obtained partial 16S rRNA gene sequence data after block-based PCR as described (4). Those data did not match any named species in the GenBank database. The closest sequence database match was to Globicatella sp. feline oral taxon 122 (99%–100% identity) (5).




API Rapid ID 32 Strep analysis (bioMérieux, https://www.biomerieux.comExternal Link) gave an organism identification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (98.7%). The isolate was negative for pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase and positive for bile aesculin (Diatabs; Rosco Diagnostica, https://www.rosco.dkExternal Link) diagnostic tablets for bacterial identification. Repeat matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry at the reference laboratory gave no reliable identification (score 1.41). Comparison with biochemical profiling of G. sanguinis and G. sulfidifaciens type strains showed notable differences (Appendix). The conditions required for culture were not different between Globicatella species.




We conducted antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing by using MIC gradient strips (Liofilchem, https://www.liofilchem.comExternal Link) and PK/PD and non–species-related breakpoints (6). Gentamicin was identified as an unsuitable treatment option, MIC 1.0 mg/L (breakpoint 0.5 mg/L). Treatments suitable for use with caution were ampicillin, MIC ≤0.016 mg/L (2.0 mg/L); cefotaxime, MIC 0.004 mg/L (1.0 mg/L); penicillin, MIC ≤0.016 mg/L (0.25 mg/L); linezolid, MIC 1.0 mg/L (2.0 mg/L); ciprofloxacin, MIC 0.032 mg/L (0.25 mg/L); and moxifloxacin, MIC 0.016 mg/L (0.25 mg/L). No PK/PD non–species-related breakpoints were available for teicoplanin, MIC 0.032 mg/L; vancomycin, MIC 0.25 mg/L; clindamycin, MIC 1.0 mg/L; erythromycin. MIC 0.032 mg/L; tetracycline, MIC 0.064 mg/L; chloramphenicol, MIC 2.0 mg/L; or rifampin, MIC 0.004 mg/L.




To corroborate the 16S rRNA gene sequence results, we conducted whole-genome sequencing on a HiSeq 2500 platform (Illumina, https://www.illumina.comExternal Link) at the UK Health Security Agency Central Sequencing Laboratory by using its standard paired-end 101-bp sequencing protocol. We extracted genomic DNA from lysate by using the QIAsymphony DSP DNA Mini Kit and automated QIAsymphony SP/AS Instruments (QIAGEN, https://www.qiagen.comExternal Link). We trimmed and filtered sequencing reads by using Trimmomatic (7) for quality control, then assembled by using SPAdes version 3.15 (8). Comparison with published Globicatella genomes by using FastANI (9) showed an average nucleotide divergence of 20.29% to its most closely related cluster (G. sulfidifaciens), suggesting a distinct and previously undescribed species (Appendix Figure).




Genomic sequences of isolate G1610988 have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (Biosample accession no. SAMEA110751862). Partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene has been deposited in GenBank (accession no. MW242777).




In conclusion, cat bites are common sources of zoonotic infection. This report highlights the role of cats as reservoirs of as yet undiscovered bacterial species that have human pathogenic potential. Currently recommended antimicrobial drug regimens for treating cat bites can be expected to include the Globicatella species described.