"Contamination of tomatoes can happen at various points from the farm-to-fork, such as farm, packinghouses, or fresh-cut processing facilities [26]. They can potentially become contaminated with faeces from wild animals [29] or migratory birds [30,31]. Since water used for irrigation does not need to be potable, this may be a further source of contamination. Additionally, during water restrictions, different types of water can be used. Surface waters, such as rivers, streams or lakes, are more susceptible to contamination than protected sources like wells. The sewage sludge isolates from Germany and Austria support the hypothesis that sewage water can carry harmful pathogens and could be transferred to crops when used for irrigation or applied as a fertiliser [21]."
Eurosurveillance Volume 30, Issue 41, 16/Oct/2025
https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.41.2500224
Insights into recurring multi-country outbreaks of Salmonella Strathcona associated with tomatoes, Europe, 2011 to 2024
Introduction
In 2023, non-typhoidal salmonellosis was the second most frequently reported gastrointestinal infection among humans in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries after campylobacteriosis, accounting for 78,307 cases reported by 30 EU/EEA countries with an incidence of 18.15 cases per 100,000 population [1]. Notification of non-typhoidal salmonellosis is mandatory in 27 EU/EEA countries [1], while in three countries (Belgium, France and the Netherlands), it is voluntary [2]. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is characterised by diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever. In some cases, infections may become invasive causing bacteraemia and sepsis, requiring hospitalisation and antimicrobial treatment [3]. The most frequently notified Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (S.) serovars in humans in the EU/EEA countries are Enteritidis and Typhimurium, including monophasic Typhimurium [2,4].