Canada - Mushrooms Recalled Due to Clostridium botulinum

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) issued a recall for Belle Grove whole white mushrooms 
 "because they may permit the growth of Clostridium botulinum".   While the title state the 'presence' of Clostridium botulinum, the text states that the 'product presents the opportunity for growth'.  

The CFIA statement does not go into any detail on the issue.   In terms of risk, the mere presence is not an issue.   Clostridium botulinum spores may be present in this natural product, but the concern would be growth of the organism, during which, toxin can be formed.   C. botulinum requires an anaerobic environment for growth, that is, an environment that has low oxygen levels.  To prevent this in mushrooms, the containers are perforated to allow air to exchange into the container.  So while not exactly stated, one would guess that the mushrooms were packaged in plastic overwrap without that plastic being perforated (no holes).

Food Recall Warning - Belle Grove brand Whole White Mushrooms recalled due to potential presence of dangerous bacteria
From: Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Recall date:  January 9, 2021
Reason for recall:  Microbiological - Clostridium botulinum
Hazard classification:  Class 1
Company / Firm:  Monaghan Mushrooms Ltd.
Distribution:  Ontario
Extent of the distribution:  Consumer
Reference number:  14169

Canned Salmon Recalled After Audit Finds Thermal Process Deviation

An Alaskan seafood canner is recalling jars and cans of smoked salmon after an audit discovered a thermal process deviation for underprocessing could have resulted in the survival of Clostridium botulinum.  The distribution of product was limited to Alaska.

https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm631531.htm
Smoked Alaska Seafoods, Inc. Recalls 6.5 oz Jars & Cans of Smoked Silver Salmon Because of Possible Health Risk
For Immediate Release
February 15, 2019

Savory Jellies and Jams are the Rage, But There Can be a Botulism Concern

Savory jams and jellies are trending...showing up as condiments in upscale restaurants, on cooking shows, and of course, on numerous websites with recipes for home preparation.  But as was seen last month in Denmark, there is a botulism risk.  In this case, nine people became deathly ill after consuming savory jelly product.

The issue is that many of the recipes are not scientifically validated, that is, tested to ensure safety.  The issue comes in when these items may not be shelf-stable but people treat it like a jam or jelly they buy from the store.  In these items, the savory component is of neutral pH, and if not properly acidified or preserved in some other way, that component within the jelly matrix can support the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism poisoning.  The savory component could also cause the overall pH to rise as well, again, allowing growth of C. botulinum.   The boiling process used in making the jam or jelly does not eliminate the spores of this bacterium, and when he product is left at room temperature, the spores germinate, and this bacterium then grows within the savory particulate.

So unless one is following approved recipes, such as the ones from the Center for Home Food Preservation, it is important to store your concoction at refrigeration temperature - from the time it is made until it is all used.  A additional concern then arisies when gifting this homemade item to a friend...they must be informed of the need to store in the refrigerator, even if not yet opened.

Food Safety News
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2018/07/danish-botulism-outbreak-traced-to-homemade-savory-jelly/#.W1s-nE3rt9A
Danish botulism outbreak traced to homemade savory jelly 
By Joe Whitworth | July 26, 2018

Homemade savory jelly caused an outbreak of foodborne botulism in Denmark last month, according to the Statens Serum Institut (SSI).

Cold Smoked Salmon Recalled for Clostridium botulinum Concern Due to Insufficient Salt Concentration

Seabear Company of Anacortes, Washington is  recalling 1,225/ 3 oz. units of Cold Smoked Wild Coho Salmon Lox, Gerard & Dominique Seafoods brand because it has the potential to be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum.  "The recall was initiated because the product's water phase salt testing below 3.5%. Labeling instructions state to freeze or refrigerate, once thawed they can be kept unopened in the fridge for up to 30 days. Because the water phase salt is under 3.5% the product must remain frozen until ready to consume. Keeping in the refrigerator after thawing in a reduced oxygen package has the potential to be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum."

The FDA Seafood Guidance Chapter 13 document provides information on this detailing a critical limit of 3.5.   Applicable sections below:

Cold Brew Coffee Recalled for Botulism Concerns

A NY company is recalling its canned cold brewed coffee after it was determined that the product may be conducive to the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of  botulism.  The product's name, interesting enough, is Death Wish.  Probably appropriate.

In canned beverages such as juices and teas, pH is often used as a control for preventing Clostridium botulinum growth.  For this, the pH is kept below 4.6.  The pH of coffee can vary widely from 4.2 to 5.2 or higher depending upon the type of coffee.  In making a canned product such as this, it would be important to adjust pH to a value below 4.6, if pH is used as a control.  Other controls may be used.

FDA Recall Notice
https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm576809.htm
Death Wish Coffee Co. Announces Recall of Nitro Cold Brew Cans From Retailers, Online Sales
For Immediate Release
September 19, 2017

Nacho Cheese Sauce Probable Source of Gas Station Botulism Cases

Public Health officials in CA believe the source of the botulism cases that occurred from eating at a gas station to be the nacho cheese sauce product.  Most cheese sauce products are made to be shelf-stable for distribution, but once opened, most products may need to be stored at the proper temperatures (outside of the temperature danger zone) to prevent growth. Much of this depends on the formulation (pH, Aw, preservatives).  They also have to be protected against cross contamination.

It difficult to tell whether these product were not properly formulated or were improperly held,  One could guess that the cheese sauce was not properly stored or handled after opening, allowing for a small amount of contamination to grow.  It may have been transferred from a pouch to a canister or serving trey.  For Clostridium botulinun, intoxication to occur, the organism would need to grow in number to produce sufficient toxin.  The product itself would need to be formulated to allow growth and that product would also need to be held at improper temperatures, most likely in the upper part of the temperature danger zone (70F to 125F).

With a thick product like this, people may assume it is like ketchup or mustard that can be left at room temperature after opening....not unless it was formulated that way.  Generally cheese sauce have a higher pH and Aw.   Another potential issue can occur if these products are modified in any way.  Adding peppers or other raw ingredients can be an issue.  Adding water to the product can also be an issue....such as might be the case if the product thickened up after sitting on the hot bar all day.

Sacramento Bee

http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/health-and-medicine/article149818204.html

Nacho cheese to blame for rare botulism outbreak at Sacramento area gas station

By Sammy Caiola scaiola@sacbee.com
May 10, 2017

Deer Antler Tea Source of Botulinum Illnesses

A deer antler tea product may be responsible for two cases of botulism in Los Angeles.  Botulism is deadly disease caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.   This neurotoxin stops neural signals resulting in double vision, slurred speech and difficulty swallowing.  If not treated, it can lead to death by suffocation.  

 How did the botulinum toxin get into this antler tea product? If one had to make a guess, it was after the extraction process.  To make the antler tea, antlers would be heated to pull out the marrow creating a broth and then this would be cooled to make a gelatinous material that would be packaged.  As in a typical C. botulinum growth scenario, when the product is heated to create the marrow broth, the high temperatures kills the competing spoilage organisms and creates an anaerobic environment in the marrow broth.  When the product is cooled, but held above refrigeration temperatures, C. botulinum grows and produces its toxin.  Generally an item like this would either need to be refrigerated or acidified.  A preservative can also be added to prevent growth.

The benefits of drinking antler tea are said to include helping with arthritis, preventing osteoporosis, promoting the health of the joints and repairing connective tissues, nourishing the spleen and the kidney, a defense against cancer cells, boosting the HB count in the blood, treating sexual disorders, increasing stamina and actual physical strength while also improving mental capacity, helping women who have vaginal discharge problems, flooding and spotting and it also helps in stanching excessive uterine bleeding.  Who knew.

LA Times

http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-deer-antler-tea-botulism-20170428-story.html

Tea made from deer antlers may cause botulism; health officials issue alert 

Rong-Gong Lin IIBy Rong-Gong Lin II•Contact Reporter

April 29, 2017, 3:00 AM 

Canadian Firm Expands Recall of Baby Food After Reported Illness

A Canadian firm is expanding its recall of baby food.  The initial recall posted on February 3, 2017 for one product type.  Since that time, there have been reported illness(es), so the company has expanded the recall.  According to the news release, the issue was a " manufacturing error resulted in excess water in the product, which under certain circumstances could support the growth of Clostridium Botulinum and pose a health risk to consumers".   As an example of what could have happened, the acid component was over diluted with water and then when added, there was insufficient acid to lower pH to a safe range.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) News Release
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/newsroom/food-recall-warnings/complete-listing/2017-02-08/eng/1486618317290/1486618321366
Updated Food Recall Warning - PC Organics brand baby food pouches recalled due to potential presence of dangerous bacteria

Recall date:February 8, 2017 

Reason for recall:Microbiological - Clostridium botulinum 

Hazard classification: Class 1 

Company / Firm:Loblaw Companies 

Limited Distribution:National Extent of the distribution:

Retail Reference number:11182

Canadian Firm Recalls Baby Food for Clostridium botulinum Risk

A Canadian firm is recalling it Apple, Blueberry, and Green Pea baby food due to the potential for Clostridium botulinum.  The recall was issued after a consumer complaint was made.

Hard to say what the specific issue was based on the recall notice, but probably a swollen container. In these types of products, fruits not only hide the flavor of peas from the baby, but they also help to lower the pH / increase the acidity.  This allows a lower heat process.  Not sure if this the case here.

Canadian Food Agency News Release

http://inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/newsroom/food-recall-warnings/complete-listing/2017-02-03/eng/1486183609229/1486183611972
Food Recall Warning - PC Organics brand Apple, Blueberry & Green Pea strained baby food recalled due to potential presence of dangerous bacteria

Recall date:February 3, 2017 

Reason for recall:Microbiological - Clostridium botulinum

Hazard classification:Class 1 

Company / Firm:Loblaw Companies 

Limited Distribution:National

 Extent of the distribution:Retail

Internet Soups Recalled Due to Improper Process

A New York firm is recalling soup packed in jars after FDA found that the company was not using validated processes.  The product were marketed and sold via the internet.

By regulation, companies processing canned soups, which are generally low acid canned foods, must have a validated (or tested) process and that process must be filed with the FDA.  With more companies using non-traditional channels to sell products, such as the internet or farmers' markets,  it is easier for companies to get products into commerce and avoid oversight.  Then we end up with cases like this.

A process must be validated to show it can achieve a 12 log reduction of Clostridium botulinum spores.  If a process has not been validated to accomplish this, then is impossible to know whether the product will be safe.  Validation includes determining where the cold point is on the jar and then determining the processing time needed in order to achieve sufficient amount of heat at that cold spot.

Looking at the Island Soup website and the Team page, there seems to be a lot of chiefs, but no technical person listed as part of the team.  This too is occurring more often.  Entrepreneurs come up with new products, but fail to research them properly.

FDA Website
http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm519531.htm
Island Soups Company, Inc. Recalls Six Varieties of Island Soups Brand Products Because of Possible Contamination With Clostridium Botulinum
For Immediate Release
September 7, 2016

Smoked Seafood Processor Shut Down for Insanitary Conditions

A processor of 'high end' smoked seafood products was shut down for unsanitary conditions.  This came after 'a decade' of issues.  This facility's product was used by a number of notable restaurants and the facility had won some awards. (Company website).

Vacuum packaged smoked salmon is a pretty risky product if not done right.  First, it can be a Clostridium botulinum risk if not properly processed, which was one of the issues according to reports..  Listeria is also a risk if it contaminates the product in the time after smoking and before packaging.  The facility had that issue in the past which had resulted in a recall.

This seems to be a good brand to add to the 'do not eat' list.







Portland Press Herald
http://www.pressherald.com/2016/02/14/sullivan-harbor-farm-shut-down-for-seafood-safety-violations/
Maine seafood company shut down for food safety violations

Sullivan Harbor Farm in Hancock had been warned for more than a decade that its manufacturing of smoked salmon was unsanitary, the U.S. Justice Department says.
BY BETH QUIMBY STAFF WRITER
bquimby@pressherald.com | @QuimbyBeth | 207-791-6363

A high-end Hancock seafood company has been shut down for repeated unsanitary conditions and food safety violations, including manufacturing in the presence of rodent excrement, according to the U.S. Department of Justice.

Oregon Cannery Documentation Issue Leads to Cascading Recall

 Skipanon Brands, also known as the Oregon Ocean Seafood processing plant, issued a recall for their canned foods due to lack of documentation and possible under-processed products discovered during an FDA audit.  There were no reported illnesses.

The plant, identified on their own website as a micro-cannery, packed product for many other labels. The initial recall on October 9th caused a cascade of recalls by companies who used Skipanon as a co-packer to pack their branded product.
A few things to note"
A co-packer issue can impact a number of brands.  So it important to make sure the company co-packing product is compliant with standards, especially FDA Low Acid Canned Food Regulations.

With the first recall issued on the 9th, it took close to 2 weeks for companies to issue recalls.  Had there been illnesses, this delay could have had resulted in a much bigger disaster, especially if it had been a Clostridium botulinum issue.

The list of recalls follows:

Improperly Canned Potatoes Responsible for Botulism Outbreak in April, 2015

In April of  2015, a botulism outbreak occurred that was associated with food served at a Church Potluck Meal.  In this outbreak, 29 reported becoming ill.  This was the largest botulism outbreak in the last 40 years.

The source was home canned potatoes.  The potatoes were canned in hot water bath and not a pressure canner.  From the CDC:

The attendee who prepared the potato salad with home-canned potatoes reported using a boiling water canner, which does not kill C. botulinum spores, rather than a pressure canner, which does eliminate spores (2). In addition, the potatoes were not heated after removal from the can, a step that can inactivate botulinum toxin. The combined evidence implicated potato salad prepared with improperly home-canned potatoes, a known vehicle for botulism (3).

Unfortunately, we hear of too many who still use a hot water bath to can low acid foods.  Outbreaks like this remind us of the importance of following scientifically developed canning recipes, especially the use of a pressure canner for low acid foods.
 
CDC Morbidity and Mortality
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6429a6.htm?s_cid=mm6429a6_e
Notes from the Field: Large Outbreak of Botulism Associated with a Church Potluck Meal — Ohio, 2015
Weekly
July 31, 2015 / 64(29);802-803

Carolyn L. McCarty, PhD1,2; Kristina Angelo, DO2,3; Karlyn D. Beer, PhD2,3; Katie Cibulskas-White1; Kim Quinn, MS1; Sietske de Fijter, MS1; Rick Bokanyi, PhD1; Eric St. Germain1; Karen Baransi1; Kevin Barlow4; Gwen Shafer4; Larry Hanna4; Kelly Spindler4; Elizabeth Walz, MD5; Mary DiOrio, MD1; Brendan R. Jackson, MD3; Carolina Luquez, PhD3; Barbara E. Mahon, MD3; Colin Basler, DVM2,3; Kathryn Curran, PhD2,3; Almea Matanock, MD2,3; Kelly Walsh, MPH3; Kara Jacobs Slifka, MD2,3; Agam K. Rao, MD3 (Author affiliations at end of text)

On April 21, 2015, the Fairfield Medical Center (FMC) and Fairfield Department of Health contacted the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) about a patient suspected of having botulism in Fairfield County, Ohio. Botulism is a severe, potentially fatal neuroparalytic illness.* A single case is a public health emergency, because it can signal an outbreak (1). Within 2 hours of health department notification, four more patients with similar clinical features arrived at FMC's emergency department. Later that afternoon, one patient died of respiratory failure shortly after arriving at the emergency department. All affected persons had eaten at the same widely attended church potluck meal on April 19. CDC's Strategic National Stockpile sent 50 doses of botulinum antitoxin to Ohio. FMC, the Fairfield Department of Health, ODH, and CDC rapidly responded to confirm the diagnosis, identify and treat additional patients, and determine the source.

Over 20 Cases of Botulism with one death from Food at Church Potluck

One death and 23cases of botulism are being reported after the individuals ate at a church potluck in Lancaster. Ohio.

Antitoxin has been administered to the victims, which can reduce severity of the illness. 

The food has not yet been identified.

Botulism is the disease caused when the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is ingested.   The toxin is produced by the organism as it grows in a food. Generally we do not see many cases of this deadly disease, but it can be a risk when certain foods are not properly prepared. 

• Improperly processed low acid canned foods like green beans that are not properly pressure canned and then those cans are stored on the shelf..  
• Heated foods likes soups and stews when those foods are not properly cooled or are stored at the elevated temperatures (not refrigerated).
• Vacuum packaged cooked foods that are not stored at the right temperature.

 Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming organism, and these spores can survive normal cooking.  If conditions are right, then the spores germinate and the organism grows in the food.  Conditions include a notorious food, warm to high temperatures, non-acidic pH, and low oxygen level.

The toxin is a neurotoxin and stops vital functions including breathing.

 

Columbus Dispatch

http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/04/21/botulism-lancaster.html

Botulism death tied to Lancaster church potluck

 

Wednesday April 22, 2015 9:33 AM 

 

One person has died and at least 20 others were hospitalized as of late last night with suspected botulism that health officials are linking to a potluck on Sunday at a Lancaster church.

 

CA Company Recalls Pumpkin Seed Pesto in Jars Due to Improper Processing

A California company is recalling Pumpkin Seed Pesto, packaged for the Williams Sonoma label, after it was determined that the product may have been improperly processed, making it a Clostridium botulinum risk.   No illnesses have been reported.

This is another case of products being recalled due to improper processing / C. bolulinum risk issues.  Last month, a WA state company recalled pasta sauce.  Then there was the other CA company that recalled pesto sauce after being linked to a botulism recall.  In these cases, strict process controls are needed in properly ensuring the low acid ingredients are treated (acidified, water activity lowered) in order to prevent C. bolulinum growth.

Small WA State Business Recalls Sauce in Jars Due to Improper Processing

A small, entrepreneur-type company is recalling pasta sauce after the Washington State Department of Ag found that the pH of a batch may be too high, and thus constituted a Clostridium botulinum risk.

There have been a few similar cases recently (NC Soup, CA Pesto Sauce) where small businesses have produced jarred products were determined to be Clostridium botulinum issues.  When processing these types of products,  FDA has set regulations and guidance that must be followed.

Certainly, this can be a lot for a small business to comply.  In this case, it is a one woman operation with 'the Sauce Lady' (story below) producing 100 jars of sauce per week.  The retired teacher, now food entrepreneur, has been this for close to 20 years.  But the downside of non-compliance can be severe, especially when that product results in botulism.

With the growing number of Farmers' Markets across the country, there are an increasing number of these type of products being sold by start-up companies.  It is important that they understand the risks and comply with established protocols for producing further-processed products that are jarred, or vacuum packed, etc.


FDA Recall Notice
http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm412804.htm
Tullia's Recalls Sauce Because of Possible Health Risk

Contact:  Consumer:  509-879-0325
 Media:  Marco Barbanti  509-879-0325

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE - September 8, 2014 - Tullia's is recalling Italian Meatless Pasta Sauce code 530140. This recall has been initiated because a records review by the Washington State Department of Agriculture revealed that one batch of sauce produced with the 530140 code had a pH level high enough to allow the growth of Clostridium botulinum. If present, this organism can cause botulism, a serious and potentially fatal foodborne illness.

Woman's Home Soup Operation Shut Down

Virginia Department of Ag and Consumer Services (VDACS) shut down a woman who was making canned soup in own kitchen and selling them at a Farmers' Market.   While she had been making her soups for 30 years, she is not allowed to sell these types of products.

In the video report by the local news channel, you can see Denise's operation.  While she said she boils it, it is clear that she is using a pressure canner...thank goodness for that.  Regardless, there are reasons why we have strict regulations around the canning of low acid foods that will be sold.   My guess is that if we started looking at the various products making their way to farmers' markets, there will be plenty more issues.

VDACS News Release

VIRGINIA FOOD SAFETY OFFICIALS WARN CONSUMERS NOT TO EAT CANNED SOUPS AND SAUCES BY CORFINIO FOODS DUE TO POSSIBLE HEALTH RISK
Contact: Elaine J. Lidholm, 804.786.7686

http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/news/releases-a/082014souprecall.shtml

Food safety staff from the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS) warn consumers not to eat any canned soups or sauces made by Corfinio Foods of Richmond. These products were improperly processed, making them susceptible to contamination with Clostridium botulinum. Ingestion of botulism toxin from improperly processed jarred and canned foods may lead to serious illness and death.

Bacon Jam recalled - failure to understand acidified foods

A Canadian company is recalling bacon jam after testing by Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) indicated that the product may permit the growth of Clostridium botulinum, a toxin producing bacteria responsible for causing botulism.

When developing products such as this, it is important that those products have product parameters in place (we often refer to them as hurdles) to prevent C. botulinum growth and toxin production.

• Having an equilibrium pH of 4.6 or less.  Equilibrium pH means that all components in the product must have reached this limit in 24 hours or less after processing.
• Having a low water activity of less than 0.85.  Water activity is a term used for the available moisture.  This water activity (or Aw) must be stable through time and consistent throughout the product.
• Having a preservative package (one or more preservatives that are added taking into account the food matrix)

Designing one or more of these parameters into the finished product will not necessary create a shelf-stable product, so in some cases, products will still need to be refrigerated.  It is also important that these product will need to receive a heat treatment.  For more information, you can review FDA's guidance on Acidified Foods.

 

Jarred or bottled foods have been the food-of-choice for many entrepreneurs.  Product types include salsas, barbeque sauces, salad dressings, jams and jellies, and pickled products. There are a number of reasons including longer shelf-life, ease of processing and the ability to find niches within the market place (although is one guy's salad dressing that much better than one you buy at the store).   It is important that food product developers, especially novices, understand how product and process parameters impact food safety.  I guess Brad did not do his best efforts in understanding this.

  

  

Calgary Herald

Bacon jam recalled in Alberta over botulism concerns

http://www.calgaryherald.com/health/Bacon+recalled+Alberta+over+botulism+concerns/9471881/story.html

By David Blackwell, Calgary Herald February 5, 2014

 

A brand of bacon jam is being recalled in Alberta after testing indicated it could contain the bacteria that causes botulism.

 

Kitchen by Brad Smoliak brand bacon spread is being removed from the marketplace after Canadian Food Inspection Agency tests revealed it may permit the growth of Clostridium botulinum.

Three cases of botulism from home preserved foods

There are three confirmed cases of botulism from home preserved foods.  Unfortunately, there is no additional information regarding the circumstances.

With an increasing number of people preserving their own foods, we unfortunately expect that there will be these types of incidents.  It is important that consumers practice 'approved procedures' when canning foods.  Penn State has a dedicated website for support - http://extension.psu.edu/food-safety/food-preservation. 

In our interactions with consumers, we still find that people are using improper techniques (canning in the oven, not using a pressure cooker for low acid foods, etc).   Where do they get this dangerous information -
- word-of-mouth from a friend - "I know this guy who cans in the oven all the time"
- the memory of what they think their grandmother used to do - "I recall my grandmother never using a pressure cooker to can green beans"
- some misguided blogger on the web

Do not put yourself, your family, or your friends in danger, use proper, approved procedures for preserving food.

County News Release
http://www.deschutes.org/Media-Releases/Botulism-in-3-People-Caused-by-Home-Canned-Food.aspx
Deschutes County Oregon -- 7/2/2012 --

The Oregon State Public Health Lab has confirmed that three Central Oregon residents,who were hospitalized, contracted botulism at a private barbeque. Deschutes County Health Services has conducted an investigation and implicated home-canned food as the source of the Botulism. Final testing results are pending. This was an isolated incident and Deschutes County Health Services has notified all involved individuals. Botulism in NOT spread person to person so there is no risk to the general public as a result of these cases.

This is a good reminder of the importance of following strict hygienic procedures to reduce contamination of foods while canning as well as obtaining the necessary pressure when canning to effectively destroy bacteria and prevent botulism. Detailed instructions on safe home canning can be obtained from Oregon State extension services at the following website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/fch/food-preservation. Oregon Residents can also call the Food Preservation and Food Safety Hotline at (800) 354-7319 to talk to trained OSU Extension staff.

There are three primary types of botulism:

1. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin and is often associated with home-canned foods that have been improperly processed. Ingesting botulism toxin can lead to illness within a few hours- to days. Foodborne botulism is often caused from home-canned foods with low acid content such as asparagus, green beans, beets and corn.

2. Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with the bacterium. Wound botulism can be prevented by promptly seeking medical care for infected wounds and by not using contaminated injectable drugs.

3. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin. Honey can contain spores of the botulinum bacteria and has been a source of infection for infants. Children less than 12 months old should not be fed honey. Generally, honey is safe for people one year of age and older.

The classic symptoms of botulism include double or blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. These are all symptoms of the muscle paralysis caused by the bacterial toxin. If untreated, these symptoms may progress to cause paralysis of the arms, legs, trunk and breathing muscles. In foodborne botulism, symptoms generally begin 12 to 36 hours after eating a contaminated food, but they can occur as early as six hours or as late as 10 days later.

In the United States an average of 145 cases of botulism are reported each year. Of these, approximately 15 percent are foodborne, 65 percent are infant botulism, and the rest are wound botulism.

Nationally, outbreaks of foodborne botulism involving two or more people occur most years and are usually caused by eating contaminated home-canned foods.

2 cases of botulism linked to tofu

Tofu, sold in NY City, has been linked to 2 cases of botulism. The tofu was purchased by a couple in a NY City store. The tofu was displayed in a non-refrigerated, water filled bin. This is the first cases of botulism in NYC in more than 15 years.

‘Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. The process begins by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried or fresh soybeans. Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially. The third type of coagulant, enzymes, is not yet used commercially but shows potential for producing both firm and "silken" tofu’. (adapted from Wikeapedia).

Clostridium botulinum spores would survive the boiling and then be able to grow in the non-refrigerated product (in the absence of a secondary inhibitor. Tofu products vary greatly, even in terms of inclusion of antimicrobial parameters.) The spores will germinate and grow in the protein rich, non-refrigerated product. The product sitting in water would ensure a sufficient water activity as well as help support an anaerobic environment, both essential for C. botulinum. As C. botulinum grows, it produces a neurotoxin. If ingested, the neurotoxin enters the bloodstream and shuts down muscle function, potentially leading to death through the inability of the victim to breath.

Tofu is a considered a potentially hazardous food (TCS food) and thus requires refrigeration during distribution, at retail, and by the consumer.

 Tofu suspected of giving botulism to two people in QueensBotulism is a rare but potentially fatal foodborne illness

By Kerry Wills / NEW YORK DAILY NEWS 

Saturday, March 31, 2012, 2:18 AM
Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/tofu-suspected-giving-botulism-people-queens-article-1.1053799#ixzz1qtIZYyHM

Two people got botulism - a rare but potentially fatal foodborne illness - after buying tofu at a store in Flushing.